Painting

1. Do the following:
   1. Explain three ways paint can improve a surface.
   2. Explain the chief uses of oil, water, and rubber-base paint. Tell the use of enamel, shellac, varnish, and lacquer. Tell why each is best for these uses.
2. Prepare and paint any two of the following items or similar ones approved by your counselor. Use proper fillers, priming coats, covering coats, and finishing coats as needed: an outside surface, an inside surface, a piece of furniture, a concrete wall, a boat or canoe, a floor, a porch rail or fence, and lawn mower.
3. Prepare an old painted surface, that has holes in it and is uneven to receive and hold a new coat of paint.
4. Add colors to white paint base to make paints of two predetermined colors that harmonize. With these, paint one of the following in two colors: model plane, birdhouse, dollhouse, picture frame, or similar useful item.
5. Show the right way to use, clean, and store painting equipment.

PersonalFitness

If meeting any of the requirements for this merit badge is against the Scout's religious convictions, it does not have to be done if the boy's parents and the proper church officials state in writing that

1. To do so would be against religious convictions.
2. The parents accept full responsibility for anything that might happen because of such exemption. They release the Boy Scouts of America from any responsibility

1. (a) Before you try to meet any other requirements, have your physician give you a thorough examination. He or she is to use the Scout medical examination form. Describe the examination. Tell what questions you were asked about health. Tell what recommendations your doctor made. Report what you have done about them. Explain the following:
   1. Why physical exams are important
   2. Why preventative habits are important in maintaining good health
   3. Diseases that can be prevented and how
   4. The seven warning signs of cancer (b) Have an examination made by your dentist. Get a statement saying that your teeth have been checked and cared for. Tell how to care for your teeth.
2. Explain to your merit badge counselor verbally or in writing what personal fitness means to you, including
   1. Components of personal fitness.
   2. Reasons for being fit in all components.
   3. What it means to be mentally healthy.
   4. What it means to be physically healthy and fit.
   5. What it means to be socially healthy. Discuss several healthy social traits.
   6. What you can do to prevent social, emotional, or mental problems.
3. From the Personal Fitness merit badge pamphlet, review the questions titled "Evaluating Your Personal Fitness" and list several signs of poor personal fitness. Describe your activity in the eight areas listed at the end of the chapter titled "Social Fitness"
4. With your counselor answer and discuss the following questions:
   1. Are you free from all curable diseases? Are you living in such a way that your risk of preventable diseases is minimized?
   2. Are you immunized and vaccinated according to the advice of your family and school physicians?
   3. Do you understand the meaning of a nutritious diet and know why it is important for you? Does your diet include foods from all food groups?
   4. Is your body weight and composition what you would like it to be and do you know how to modify it safely through exercise, diet, and behavior modification?
   5. Do you carry out daily activities without noticeable effort? Do you have extra energy for other activities?
   6. Are you free from habits relating to nutrition and the use of alcohol, tobacco, drugs, and other practices that could be harmful to your health?
   7. Do you participate in a regular exercise program or recreational activities?
   8. Do you sleep well at night and wake up feeling refreshed and energized for the new day?
   9. Are you actively involved in the religious organization of your choice and do you participate in their youth activities?
   10. Do you spend quality time with your family and friends in social and recreational activities?
   11. Do you support family activities and efforts to maintain a good home life?
5. Explain the following about physical fitness:
   1. The components of physical fitness
   2. Your weakest and strongest component of physical fitness
   3. The need to have a balance in all four components of physical fitness
   4. How the components of personal fitness relate to the Scout Laws and Scout Oath
6. Explain the following about nutrition:
   1. The importance of good nutrition
   2. What good nutrition means to you
   3. How good nutrition is related to the other components of personal f itness
   4. The three components of a sound weight (fat) control program
7. From the Personal Fitness merit badge pamphlet, perform the physical fitness test (chapter 8) with your patrol leader, Scoutmaster, parent, or adviser before doing the next two requirements. Be evaluated above the 50th percentile in the aerobic endurance test, flexibility test, and muscular strength test.
   
   Aerobic Endurance Test

   There are several tests that can be used. They are the 9- or 12-minute run and the I- or 11/2-mile run. In the timed run, the objective is to run as far as you can in the allotted time (9 or 12 minutes). In the distance run, the objective is to run the given distance (I or 11/2 miles) in the shortest time. Walking is permitted but the Scouts should not stop. If they need to stop running, they should walk until they can continue to run.

   Flexibility Test

   By using the sit-and-reach test, boys should remove their shoes and sit down facing the sit-and-reach box with knees fully extended and flat on the floor and feet up against the end of the board. The arms are extended forward with the hands placed on top of each other with palms down. The boy bends at the hips and reaches forward along the measuring scale four times. Record the farthest reach.

   Muscular Strength Test

   For the timed sit-up test the boy lies on his back with his knees flexed, feet on the floor, and heels 12 to 18 inches from the buttocks. The arms are crossed on the chest with the hands on the opposite shoulders. The feet are held by partners to keep them in touch with the floor. The boy curls to the sitting position until the elbows touch the thighs. Arms must remain on the chest and the chin remains tucked on the chest. The number of sit-ups that the boy can correctly do in 60 seconds is the score.

8. Outline a 4-week physical fitness program using the results of your physical fitness tests. Use the guidelines in chapter 8 to write your program. Use exercises to develop aerobic endurance, upper body muscular strength, and flexibility of the lower back and legs. Have the program approved by your Scoutmaster or adviser and your parents.
   1. Fulfill requirement I for this merit badge.
   2. Complete one of the four aerobic endurance tests, the flexibility test, the muscular strength and endurance test, and the body composition measurements.
   3. Fill in your results on the record sheet and chart your percentile ranks for each test (using the norms found in the appendix) on the progress chart.
   4. Determine the types of exercises you want or need to do, the amount of time you have to exercise, and the equipment or facilities that are available for your use.
   5. If muscular strength exercises are to be a part of your program, determine how many push-ups and pull- ups you can do. Use the guidelines discussed in the text concerning cardiovascular endurance, flexibility, and muscular strength and endurance to determine the frequency, intensity, and duration of your exercises.
   6. Write your exercise program out for each day of the week on a sheet of paper. Have it approved by your adviser or Scoutmaster and parents.
   7. Retest yourself after 2 full weeks of exercising. Also retest for the number of pull-ups and push-ups you can do. Record the results of this test on the record sheet and graph the percentile ranks on the progress chart.
   8. Retest yourself after another 2 full weeks of exercising and record your results on the record sheet and progress chart.
9. Carry out the physical fitness program you wrote in requirement 8. Keep a log of all your exercises (ie., how long you exercised; how far you ran, swam, or hiked; how many exercises you did; your exercise heart rate; etc.). Test yourself again after two weeks of exercise on the information sheets provided in this book. Compare improvements. Describe your experience.
10. Describe your long-term plans regarding your personal fitness.

 One of three fitness choices for Eagle Requirement

Personal Management

1. Talk over with parents of guardian how family funds are spent to meet day-today and long-term needs. Tell how you can help with the family budget.
2. Make a budget for yourself for 90 days. Keep a record of income and expenses for that period. Review it and report.
3. Help to choose and buy family groceries for 1 month. Make a report of what you learned.
4. Explain the possible use, advantages, and risks in using $100 in each of the following ways. Tell how it might help you and others.
   1. Hide it in a mattress.
   2. Put it into a savings account at a bank or savings and loan association. (Explain the difference.)
   3. Buy a bicycle.
   4. Open a checking account.
   5. Buy a U.S. Savings Bond.
   6. Buy a mower or paint sprayer.
   7. Invest in a mutual fund.
   8. Start a life insurance policy.
   9. Buy fishing gear.
   10. Buy common stock.
5. Talk about things you would like to do within the next 90 days. Tell how you plan to get these done. After 90 days, tell what you did. Tell how you did them.
6. Tell how important credit and installment buying are to our economy and the individual and the family. Visit an officer of a bank or credit department of a store. Find out and tell what you must do to establish a "good credit rating." Tell what it means to you now and in the future.
7. Check out jobs and career opportunities through interviews or reading. Tell what the "next step" would be to prepare yourself for one of these careers.

 Eagle Requirement

Pets

1. Present evidence that you have cared for a pet for 4 months. Get approval before you start.
   1. Work done for other merit badges cannot be used for this requirement.
2. Write in 200 words of more about the care, feeding, and housing of your pet. Tell some interesting facts about it. Tell why you have this kind of pet. Give local laws, if any, relating to the pet you keep.
3. Show that you have read a book or pamphlet, approved by your counselor, about your kind of pet.
4. Do ONE of the following:
   1. Show your pet in some pet show.
   2. Start a friend raising a pet like yours. Help your friend get a good start.
   3. Train a pet in three or more tricks or special abilities.

Photography

1. Tell what makes a good picture. Show your understanding of these as you take pictures for requirement 2.
2. Do the following:
   1. Take pictures illustrating at least eight of the following picture-taking techniques. Use comparisons to illustrate your points.
      • Camera steadiness.
      • Rule of thirds.
      • Level horizon.
      • Moving in close. Fill the frame.
      • Framing.
      • Direction of light. Front, side, and backlighting.
      • Quality of light. Flat light, bright sunlight and time of day.
      • Point of view. Eye level, high and low angle.
      • Use of leading lines.
      • Flash. Proper range and reflective surfaces.
   2. Do the following, utilizing techniques of planning a photo report. Start with planning cards; then do your photography and editing, and complete the requirements by presenting your report in an organized manner to your counselor.
      • Expose a roll of print film, and select 5 to 10 good pictures for your picture story. Mount the pictures on a large art board or in a photo album.
      • Expose 50 feet of movie film and edit it at least 25 feet of quality movies that tell your story.
      • Expose a roll of slide film and select 10 or more good slides to tell your story.
3. Explain how photographic film is processed and tell how black-and-white prints are made, or process and print your own pictures and show your counselor, explaining the steps you took.
4. Do the following:
   1. Explain to your counselor the basic parts common to all cameras using a diagram you prepared.
   2. Explain common photographic terms such as lens, shutter, view-finder, camera angle, exposure, negative, transparency, f/number, and planning card.
5. Describe jobs in photography.

Pioneering

1. Demonstrate how to coil and throw a 40-foot length of 1/4 inch rope.
2. Present five different rope samples, of any size or material. Explain the characteristics of each type of rope -- its strength, mildew resistance, durability, and stretch. Explain where and how each type of rope can be used in pioneering.
3. Demonstrate how to tie the following seven basic knots: square knot, timber hitch, clove hitch, bowline, sheepshank, sheet bend, and roundturn with two half- hitches. Also select five more knots found in the PIONEERING merit badge pamphlet. Tie each one for the examiner, and tell where it could be used in pioneering, camping, or other Scout activities.
4. Demonstrate how to make the back splice, eye splice, and short splice using ,-inch three-strand rope.
5. Construct a device or machine to make rope. Then use the device with binder twine to make a 6-foot length of rope consisting of three strands, each having three yarns. Also demonstrate one method of whipping the end of the rope.
6. Build a three-two-one or a log-and-stakes anchor using pioneering stakes. Build the anchor at a size suitable to anchor one end of a monkey bridge.
7. Demonstrate the use of rope tackle to life a weight of 25 pounds. Pull a log at least 6 inches in diameter and 6 feet long with the tackle. Use the tackle to put a strain on a line.
8. By yourself, build an H-frame trestle with ropes and spars using square and diagonal lashings. Demonstrate how to tie two spars together using a west country shear lashing.
9. With a group of Scouts, build a pioneering project. Before building, present a rough sketch of the project and a list of the ropes and spars needed to build it. (Note: This requirement may be done at summer camp, district or council events, or on a troop camp outing.)

Plant Science

1. Explain the nature and function of the soil. Tell about its texture, structure, need for water, air, organic matter, and the relationship of plants to the soil. Tell how the soil may be improved. Select one soil type from your area. Describe it in relation to the above.
2. Describe how to prepare a seedbed for each of the crops in the options below. Submit a plan for planting an orchard crop. Describe the best type of site for such an orchard.
3. Make and use a germination seed tester to test 50 seeds of four of the following plants: corn, cotton, alfalfa, soybeans, clover, wheat, rice, rye, barley. Determine percent of live seeds.
4. Tell how to propagate plants by seeds, roots, cuttings, tubers, buds, and grafts.
5. Tell about one important insect pest and one important disease that damage each of the following: corn, small grains, cotton and fruit trees. Collect and name five weeds that damage crops in your locality. Tell how to control these without harming people, wildlife, or useful insects.
6. On a map of the United States indicate the chief regions where the crops listed in the options are produced. Indicate a leading state in production of each crop. Tell how climate and location of these states makes them leaders.
7. Tell about three career opportunities in crop production.
8. Complete ONE of the following options:
   1. CORN OPTION
      • Grow a plot of corn. Record seed variety or experimental code number.
      • Have your plot inspected by your counselor. Tell about modern methods of commercial corn farming.
      • Tell about the contributions corn makes to today's food supply.
   2. COTTON OPTION
      • Grow a plot of cotton.
      • Have your plot inspected by your counselor. Tell about modern methods of commercial cotton farming.
      • Tell how cotton is processed from the field to the finished product.
   3. FORAGE CROPS OPTION
      • Collect and mount for display three samples of each: perennial grasses, annual grasses, legumes, and broadleaf weeds. Label each grass and legume, indicating what use is made of it. Label each weed. Tell where each is most likely to be found.
      • Explain how legumes can be used to enrich the soil. Tell how they may deplete it under certain conditions. Do the same for grasses.
      • Describe five poisonous plants dangerous to livestock.
      • Tell the different ways for using forage crops as feed for livestock.
   4. FRUIT AND NUTS OPTION
      • Plant five fruit or nut trees, grapevines, or berry plants.
      • Take full care of fruit or nut trees, grapevines, or berry plants through one crop season.
      • Prune a tree, vine, or bush properly. Explain why pruning is necessary.
      • Demonstrate how one fruit, nut or berry crop is processed for use.
   5. SMALL GRAINS OPTION
      • Give production figures for the small-grain crops listed in the United States Statistical Report for the latest year available.
      • Help in harvesting a crop of grain. Tell how to reduce harvesting losses.
      • Visit a grain elevator, flour mill, cereal plant, feed or seed company. Talk with the operator. Take notes. Describe the processes used.
   6. OIL CROPS OPTION
      • Grow a plot of soybeans.
      • Have your plot inspected by your counselor.
      • Tell about modern methods of soybean growing on a commercial scale.
      • Tell of the contributions soybeans make to our food supply.

Plumbing

1. Do the following:
   1. Make a drawing and explain the way hot- and cold-water supply system in your home or that of a neighbor works. Tell how you would make it safe from freezing.
   2. Make a drawing and explain the drainage system of the plumbing in a house. Show and explain the use of drains and vents.
2. Show how to use five important plumber's tools.
3. Identify and describe the use of each of the following: washer, cap nut, force cup, half-and-half solder, flux, elbow, tee, nipple, float, coupling, plug, union, trap, drainpipe, water meter.
4. Tell what kinds of pipe are most often used in a plumbing system. Tell why.
5. Cut, thread, and connect two pieces of galvanized pipe.
6. Using a gas torch under supervision, solder three copper tube connections. Include one tee, two straight pieces, and one coupling.
7. Do the following:
   1. Replace a washer in a faucet.
   2. Clean out a sink or lavatory trap.
8. Make a list of five important local health regulations related to plumbing.

Pottery

1. Explain the properties and ingredients of a good clay body for pottery.
2. Make two drawings of pottery forms. These are to be on paper art least 8 1/2 by 11 inches. One must be a recognized pottery type. The other must be of your own design.
3. Explain the meaning of the following pottery terms: bat, wedging, throwing, leather, dry, bone dry, greenware, bisque, terra-cotta, grog, slip, earthenware, stoneware, porcelain, pyrometric cone, glaze.
4. Do THREE of the following. Each is to be painted, glazed, or otherwise decorated by you:
   1. Make a flat tray or dish.
   2. Make a box, using the slab method.
   3. Make a vase or jar, using the coil method.
   4. Make four different tiles of your own design.
   5. Make a human or animal figurine or decorative design.
   6. Throw a simple vase on a potter's wheel.
   7. Make a pottery form. Help to fire it.
5. Make a rough drawing of a potter's wheel. Tell how it works.
6. Do ONE of the following:
   1. Explain the scope of the ceramic industry in the United States. Tell some of the things made, other than craft pottery.
   2. Visit a pottery, brickyard, ceramic plant, trade school, or workshop. Take notes on how pottery is made. Describe your visit.

Public Health

1. Visit your city, county, or state public health agency. Prepare an outline of its various services and:
   1. Explain them briefly to your counselor.
   2. Explain how these affect you.
   3. Find out the four leading causes of death (mortality) in the United States for any one of the past 5 years. Compare these with the four leading causes of hospital admissions (morbidity) in the United States. Find out how a public health agency you visited is involved in trying to reduce both the mortality and morbidity of these leading causes of illness and disability.
   4. Tell about three professions of the people providing these services.
2. Explain how the following diseases are contracted: tetanus, influenza, sexually transmitted diseases, hepatitis, trichinosis, emphysema, encephalitis, salmonellosis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, mushroom poisoning, lead poisoning.
3. Do the following:
   1. Explain the meaning of immunization.
   2. Name five diseases against which a baby should be immunized.
   3. Name two diseases against which you should be immunized.
4. Explain:
   1. How foods can become contaminated.
   2. What conditions allow microorganisms to increase in number in food.
   3. How microorganisms in food can be killed.
   4. How dishes and utensils should be washed in camp and at home.
5. Do the following:
   1. Show two ways of making water safe to drink under camping conditions.
   2. Describe the steps used in making public drinking water safe.
6. Do the following:
   1. Explain how household insects and rodents can be controlled in your home, community, and camp.
   2. Describe a system by which sewage can be safely disposed of from housing in cities, from houses in rural areas, and under primitive camping conditions.
7. Do the following:
   1. Describe the health dangers from air, water, and noise pollution.
   2. Describe health dangers from tobacco, alcohol, and drug abuse.

PublicSpeaking

Pulp and Paper

1. Tell the history of papermaking. Describe the part paper products play in our culture and economy.
2. List the trees which are the major sources of papermaking fibers
   1. Tell what other uses are made of the trees and of the forest land owned by the pulp and paper industry.
   2. Describe ways the industry plants, grows, and harvests trees.
3. Describe two ways of getting fibers from wood.
   1. What are the major differences?
   2. Why are some pulps bleached? Describe this process.
4. Describe how paper is made. Make a sheet of paper by hand using the process described.
5. What is coated paper, and why is it coated? Describe the major uses for different kinds of coated paper. In what other ways are papers changed by chemical or mechanical means to make new uses possible?
6. Make a list of 15 pulp or paper products in your home. Show samples of 10 such products.
7. Do ONE of the following:
   1. Visit a pulp mill. Describe how they convert wood into cellulose fibers.
   2. Visit a paper mill and get a sample of the paper. Describe the processes used for making this paper. Tell how the paper will be used.
   3. Visit a container plant or box plant. Describe how the product was made.
   4. Visit a printer or newspaper plant to learn how they use paper. Describe the visit. Explain why particular types of paper were used.
8. Describe six of the major jobs in the pulp and paper industry.