Machinery

Mammal Study

1. Explain the meaning of "animal," "invertebrate," "vertebrate," and "mammal." Name three characteristic that distinguish mammals from all other animals.
2. Explain how the animal kingdom is classified. Explain where mammals fit in the classification of animals. Classify three mammals from phylum through species.
3. Do ONE of the following:
   1. Spend 3 hours in each of two different kinds of natural habitats or at different elevations. List the different mammal species and individual members that you identified by sight or sign. Tell why all mammals do not live in the same kind of habitat.
   2. Spend 3 hours on each of 5 days on at least a 25-acre area. List the mammal species you identified by sight or sign.
   3. From study and reading, write a simple history of one nongame mammal that lives in your area. Tell how this mammal lived before its habitat was affected in any way by man. Tell how it reproduces, what it eats, what eats it, and its natural habitat. Describe its dependency upon plants, upon other animals (including man), and how they depend upon it. Tell how it is helpful or harmful to man.
4. Do ONE of the following:
   1. Under the guidance of a nature center or natural history museum, make two study skins of rats or mice. Tell the uses of study skins and mounted specimens respectively.
   2. Take good pictures of two kinds of mammals in the wild. Record light conditions, film used, exposure, and other factors, including notes on the activities of the pictured animals.
   3. Write a life history of a native game mammal that lives in your area, covering the points outlined in requirement 3c. List sources for this information.
   4. Make and bait a tracking pit. Report what mammals and other animals came to the bait.
   5. Visit a natural history museum. Report on how specimens are prepared and cataloged. Explain the purposes of museums.
   6. Write a report of 500 words on a book about a mammal species.
   7. Trace two possible food chains of carnivorous mammals from the soil through four stages to the mammal.
5. Work with your counselor, select and carry out one project that will influence the numbers of one or more mammals.

Masonary

Medicine

Related links: Biotechnology Timelines

1. Discuss with your counselor the influence that EIGHT of the following people or events had on the history of medicine:
   1. Hippocrates Oath and Law of Hippocrates
   2. The invention of Gunpowder
   3. William Harvey William Harvey (1578 - 1658)
   4. Antoine van Leeuwenhoek The Virtual Hospital: Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
   5. Edward Jenner Vaccines--How and Why?, The Virtual Hospital: Edward Jenner (1749-1823)
   6. Florence Nightingale Florence Nightingale
   7. Louis Pasteur Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
   8. Gregor Mendel Gregor Mendel (1823-1884)
   9. Joseph Lister The Virtual Hospital: Sir Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
   10. Robert Koch The Virtual Hospital: Robert Koch (1843-1910)
   11. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen Radioactivity: Historical Figures
   12. Marie and Pierre Curie Radioactivity: Historical Figures
   13. Walter Reed The Virtual Hospital: Walter Reed (1851-1902)
   14. Karl Landsteiner The Virtual Hospital: Karl Landsteiner (1868-1943)
   15. Alexander Fleming The Virtual Hospital: Alexander Fleming (1881-1955)
   16. Jonas Salk WIC Biography - Dr. Jonas Salk
2. Explain the Hippocratic Oath to your counselor, and compare to the original version to a more modern one. Discuss to whom those subscribing to the original version of the oath owe the greatest allegiance.
   Related link: The Virtual Hospital: The Hippocratic Oath
3. Discuss the health care provider-patient relationship with your counselor, and the importance of such a relationship in the delivery of quality care to the patient. Describe the role of confidentiality in this relationship.
4. Do the following:
   1. Describe the roles the following people play in the delivery of health care in your state. (Note: Not all may exist in your state.)
      • Physician
      • Chiropractor
      • Optometrist
      • Podiatrist
      • Pharmacist
      • Psychologist
      • Physician's assistant
      • Nurse practitioner
      • Nurse-midwife
      • Registered Nurse
      • Licensed vocational/practical nurse
      • Medical assistant
      • Emergency medical technician
      • Medical laboratory technologist
      • Radiologic technologist
      • Physical therapist
      • Occupational therapist
      • Respiratory therapist
5. Describe the educational and licensing requirements for five of those in 4(a) -- other than 4(a)(1) -- practicing health care in your state.
6. 1. Tell what is meant by the term "primary care" with regard to a medical specialty. Briefly describe the types of work done by physicians in the following "core" specialties:
      • Internal medicine
        • "Primary care" specialties
      • Family practice
      • Obstetrics/gynecology
        • "Primary care" specialties
      • Pediatrics
      • Psychiatry
      • Surgery
7. Describe the additional educational requirements for those specialties.
8. Briefly describe the types of work performed by physicians in FIVE of the following specialties or subspecialties:
   1. Allergy/immunology
   2. Anesthesiology
   3. Cardiovascular disease
   4. Colon and rectal surgery
   5. Dermatology
   6. Emergency Medicine
   7. Endocrinology and metabolism
   8. Gastroenterology
   9. Geriatric medicine
   10. Hematology/oncology
   11. Infectious disease
   12. Nephrology
   13. Neurological surgery
   14. Neurology
   15. Nuclear medicine
   16. Opthalmology
   17. Orthopedic surgery
   18. Otolaryngology/head and neck surgery
   19. Pathology
   20. Physical medicine and rehabilitation/sports medicine
   21. Plastic, reconstructive, and maxillofacial surgery.
   22. Preventive medicine
   23. Radiology
   24. Rheumatology
   25. Thoracic/cardiothoracic surgery
   26. Urology
   27. Vascular surgery
9. Describe the additional educational requirements for the five specialties or subspecialties you chose in 6(a).
10. 1. Visit a physician's office, preferably one who delivers "primary care." (This may be that of your counselor.) Discuss the components of a medical history and physical examination (an official BSA health form may be used to guide this discussion), and become familiar with the instruments used.
       • If this cannot be arranged, demonstrate to your counselor that you understand the components of a medical history and physical, and discuss the instruments involved.
    2. Describe the characteristics of a good diagnostic test to screen for disease (e.g. routine blood pressure measurement). Explain briefly why diagnostic tests are not perfect.
    3. Show how to take a blood pressure reading and a pulse reading.
11. Do the following:
    1. Discuss the roles medical societies, the insurance industry, and the government play in influencing the practice of medicine in the United States.
    2. Briefly tell how your state monitors the quality of health care within its borders, and how it provides care to those who do not have health insurance.
12. Compare and discuss with your counselor the health care delivery systems in the United States, Canada, and Mexico.
13. Serve as a volunteer at a health-related event or facility in your community (e.g. Blood drive, "health fair", blood pressure screening, etc.) approved by your counselor.

MetalsEngineering

Metalwork

1. Use tin cans to make two useful things that need cutting, bending, and edging.
2. Make two (or more) useful things from metal which is 20 gauge or thicker. In making these, use each of the following methods.
   1. Etch a design
   2. Hollow or otherwise shape a part.
   3. Join two pieces of metal with solder or rivets.
   4. Stamp a pattern with stamps you have made yourself.

Model Design And Building

1. Study and understand the requirements for personal safety when using such modelmaker hand tools such as: knife, scissors, handsaws, scratch awl, hammer, screwdriver, files, hand drills and drill bits, pliers, and wire cutters. Know what precautions to take when using flammable or hazardous products such as: glue, epoxy, paint, thinner, and paper protective equipment such as goggles to be used when grinding or drilling. Discuss why they are important before you begin your model-making project.
2. Explain the uses for each of the following types of models: architectural, structural, process, mechanical, and industrial. Do research into the different types of materials that could be used in making these models.
3. With your counselor's advice, select a subject from requirement 4 for your model project (no kits). Prepare the necessary plans to the proper scale, a list of materials to be used, and a list of the required tools. This model should be your own original work. Tell why you selected this subject.
4. Do ONE of the following:
   1. Architectural Model: Build a scale model of a house you select to a scale of 1/4"=1'0" (50:1 metric). Discuss with your counselor the materials you intend to use the amount of detail required, house outside treatment (finish, shrubbery, walks, etc.) and color selections. After completion of the model, present it to your counselor for approval.
   2. Structural Model: Build a model showing corner construction of a wood frame building to a scale of 1 1/2"=1'0" (8:1 Metric). All structure shown must be to scale. Cardboard or flat sheet woodstock may be used for sheeting or flooring on the model. Review with your counselor the problems you encountered in gathering the materials and supporting the structure. Be able to name the parts of the wall section, such as stud, sole plate, bridging, rafter, subfloor, girder, and joist.
   3. Process Model: Build a model showing the plumbing system in your house. Show hot and cold water supply, all waste returns, and venting to a scale of 3/4"=1'0" (15:1 Metric). Talk to your counselor about how to begin this model, present the scale and the materials you will use. After completion, present the model to your counselor and be prepared to discuss any problems you had building this model.
   4. Mechanical Model: Build a model of a mechanical device that should use at least two of the five simple machines. After completion of the model, present it to your counselor. Be prepared to discuss materials used, the machine's function and use, and any particular difficulty you may have encountered.
   5. Industrial Model: Build a model of an actual passenger-carrying vehicle to a scale of 1"=1'0" (10:1 or 25:1 Metric). Take the dimensions of the vehicle, and record the important dimensions. Draw the top, front, rear, and sides of the vehicle to scale. From your plans, build a model of the vehicle to scale. From your plans, build a model of the vehicle and finish in a craftsmanlike manner. Discuss with your counselor the most difficult part of completing this model.
5. List at least six occupations in which modelmaking is used and discuss with your counselor some career opportunities in this field.

Motorboating

1. Show that you know first aid for injuries or illnesses that could occur while motorboating, including hypothermia, heatstroke, heat exhaustion, dehydration, sunburn, insect stings, tick bites, blisters, and hyperventilation.
2. Do the following:
   1. Identify the conditions that must exist before performing CPR on a person. Explain how such conditions are recognized.
   2. Demonstrate proper technique for performing CPR on an adult mannequin for AT LEAST three minutes.
3. Before doing the following requirements, successfully complete the BSA swimmer test. Jump feetfirst into water over your head in depth, swim 75 yards or 75 meters in a strong manner using one or more of the following strokes: sidestroke, breaststroke, trudgen, or crawl; then swim 25 yards or 25 meters using an easy, resting backstroke. The 100 yards or 100 meters must be swum continuously and include at least one sharp turn. After completing the swim, rest by floating as motionless as possible.
4. Show you know safety laws for motorboating:
   1. Have a permit to run a motorboat, if needed.
   2. Explain laws affecting pleasure boating in your state.
   3. Discuss with your counselor how the hazards of weather and heavy water conditions can affect both safety and performance in motorboating.
   4. Promise that you will live up to the Scout Boating code. Explain the meaning of each point.
   5. Discuss with your counselor the nautical rules of the road and describe the national and your state's aids to navigation.
   6. Explain and show the correct use of equipment required by both state and federal regulations to be carried aboard a motorboat.
   7. Explain the requirement on federal and state ventilation rules and state why this is needed.
5. Show you know how to run a motorboat by doing the following the right way:
   1. Get in a boat.
   2. Fuel and check motor before starting.
   3. Start motor and get under way from a dock or beach.
   4. Run a straight course for a quarter mile. Make right-angle turns to left or right. Make a U-turn.
   5. Stop boat. Drop anchor. Raise it. Get under way.
   6. Come alongside a dock. Tie up or beach.
6. Show how to:
   1. Tie up or take boat from water.
   2. Store gear.
   3. Prepare motor for the winter.

Music

1. Sing or play a simple song or hymn picked by your counselor. Read all the signs and terms of the score. Use good technique, phrasing, tone, dynamics, and rhythm.
2. Name the four general groups of musical instruments. Tell how you get tones from one of each group.
3. Do TWO of the following:
   1. Go to a classical or semiclassical musical performance; or listen to 3 hours of such programs on radio, television, tapes, or records. Report what you heard. Tell who wrote them. Tell who the artists were. Name the conductors. Know the story of any program music or opera you heard. Talk over how you feel about the music.
   2. Outline the development of music in the United States. Show that you know the lives and works of five of this country's better-known composers and musical artists.
   3. Serve for 6 months as a member of a school, church, Scout unit, or other town musical organization; or take part as a soloist in public six times.
4. Do ONE of the following:
   1. Teach three songs to a group of people. Lead them in singing the songs. Use proper hand motions.
   2. Compose and write the score for a piece of music 12 measures or more.
   3. Make a primitive musical instrument. Learn to play it.
   4. Catalog your own or your family collection of 12 or more tapes or records. Show how to handle and store them.